我国电子废物回收现状 |
我国废弃电器电子产品的来源主要分为工业源和社会源两类。工业源的废弃电器电子产品多来自电器电子产品制造企业,包括工业加工和生产过程中产生的废弃电器电子产品(如不良品等)和产生的其它废物,如边角料等。社会源的废弃电器电子产品主要是居民消费产生的、企事业单位和政府部门产生的废弃电器电子产品,包括各种家电、电脑及附件、通讯产品、办公设备等。
过去的几十年,我国WEEE的回收处理基本是在经济利益驱动下自发进行。无序回收以及原始落后的拆解处理造成了资源浪费和严重的环境污染。为建立规范的WEEE回收处理体系,国家从2003年开始逐步开展废旧家电回收处理试点市,并将浙江省、青岛市试点项目以及北京市、天津市等废旧家电示范工程纳入了第一批节能、节水、资源综合利用项目国债投资计划。为加快再生资源回收体系的建设,商务部2006年制定了《再生资源回收体系建设试点工作方案》(商改字[2006]22号),促进再生资源回收体系建设。随着2009年《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》的发布,标志着我国WEEE回收处理法制渐成体系,推进WEEE的生产者责任延伸制度的实施。为配合《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》的贯彻实施,环境保护部等部委制定下发了一系列相关配套政策,以建立相应管理机制,主要包括目录管理制度、发展规划制度、多渠道回收及备案制度、处理资格许可制度、处理基金制度,以及信息管理系统等。
根据我国WEEE回收政策可以看出我国正在1)推进包括废电器在内的再生资源回收体系建设; 2)进一步推进生产者责任延伸制,探索合适的回收模式,可能包括基于逆向物流的自建回收网络或者与第三方合作; 3)逐步规范WEEE的收购和销售活动;4)扩大WEEE管理目录范围和完善基金补贴标准,进一步促进更多种类WEEE的回收处理。
目前我国已有五批共109家企业通过了废弃电器电子产品处理基金补贴企业审核,2016年共正规拆解“四机一脑” 7900万台。
Current Situation of E-waste collection in China
The e-waste in China briefly comes from two sources, industry and society. E-waste from industrial sources mainly produced by the production enterprises of electrical and electronic, including the waste/defective productions and other wastes such as leftover scraps, while e-waste from social sources were produced by household consumption and office hardware, including all types of household appliances, computers and accessories, telecom products, office equipment, and etc.
The existing waste electrical and electronic products collection system in China is a mixed system following the traditional path, driven by economic interests and under the guidance of national policy. The main collection channels include traditional individual collectors, secondhand market, repair store, treatment enterprises, and the Ministry of Commerce and other community recycling network etc. For a long time, China's e-waste recycling market is the spontaneous formation. The traditional individual collectors dominated the collection of e-waste, which is flexible, scattered and difficult to supervise. While the formal collection sector has limited coverage of the collection network, the recycling channel is not smooth, and the collection cost is high. At present, China has five groups of 109 enterprises through the waste electrical and electronic products processing enterprise fund subsidies audit. In 2016, 79 million units of waste electrical and electronic products were approved by MEP as collected and dismantled properly. |